Treatment of oil wells



'lates to polyethyleneimine United States Patent Ofi 3,347,789 Patented Oct. 17, 1967 ice 3,347,789 TREATMENT OF OIL WELLS Woodrow J. Dickson, La Habra, and Fred W. Jenkins, Buena Park, Califi, assigiors to Petrolite Corporation N Drawing. Application May 24, 1965, Ser. No. 458,373, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 115,884, June 9, 1961,,and is also a division of application Ser. No. 47,387, Aug. 4, 1960. Divided and this application Mar. 4, 1966, Ser. No. 531,794

5 Claims. (Cl. 252-855) This application is a division of application Ser. No. 47,387, filed on Aug. 4, 1960, now abandoned, and is copending with application Ser. No. 458,373, filed on May 24, 1965, now abandoned as a division of said application Ser. No. 458,373, and is also a continuation of application Ser. No. 115,884, filed on June 9, 1961, now abandoned, and is copending with each of the following applications:

Ser. No. Filing Date Title 1. 505,037 Oct. 24, 1965 Fuel Composition 2. 115,876 June 9, 1961 Process of Preventing Scale, granted as U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,778 on May 17, 1966 3. 505,039 Oct. 24, 1965 Preventing Corrosion,

. granted as U.S. Pat. No.

3,262,791 on July 26, 1966 4. 115,877 June 9, 1961 Process of Breaking Emulsions, now abandoned 5. 115,878 June 9, 1961 Lubricating Composition,

now Patent No. 3,301,783

6. 115,881 June 9, 1961 Inhibiting Foam, now

abandoned 7. 115,882 June 9, 1961 Flotation Process, now

abandoned 8. 115,883 June 9, 1961 Drilling Fluids,

now abandoned 9. 308,063 Sept. 11, 1963 Anti-Stripping Agents,

granted as U.S. Pat. No. 3,259,513 on July 5, 1966 This invention relates to polyalkyleneimines and to derivatives thereof. More particularly, this invention reand to polyethyleneimine derivatives containing various groups, such as the oxyalkylated, acylated, alkylated, carbonylated, olefinated, etc., derivatives thereof, prepared by introducing such groups individually, alternately, in combination, etc., including for example, derivatives prepared by varying the order of adding such groups, by increasing the number and order of adding such groups, and the like.

This invention also relates to methods of using these products, which have an unexpectedly broad spectrum of uses, for example, as demulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions; as demulsifiers for oil-in-water emulsion as corrosion inhibitors; as fuel oil additives for gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and the like; as lubricating oil additives; as scale preventatives; as chelating agents or to form chelates which are themselves useful, for example, as antioxidants, gasoline stabilizers, fungicides, etc.; as flotation agents, for example, as flotation collection agents; as asphalt additives or anti-stripping agents for asphaltmineral aggregate compositions; as additives for compositions useful in acidizing calcareous stratas of oil wells; as additives for treating water used in the secondary recovery of oil and in disposal wells; as additives used in treating oil-well strata in primary oil recovery to enhance the flow of oil; as emulsifiers for both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions; as additives for slushing oils; as additives for cutting oils; as additives for oil to prevent emulsification during transport; as additives for drilling muds; as agents useful in removing mud sheaths from newly drilled wells; as dehazing or fog-inhibiting agents for fuels; as additives for preparing sand or mineral slurries useful in treating oil wells to enhance the recovery of oil; as agents for producing polymeric emulsions useful in preparing water-vapor impermeable paper board; as agents in parafiin solvents; as agents in preparing thickened silica aerogel lubricants; as gasoline additives to remove copper therefrom; as deicing and anti-stalling agents for gasoline; as antiseptic, preservative, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, germicidal, fungicidal agents; as agents for the textile industry, for example, as mercerizing assistants, as wetting agents, as rewetting agents, as dispersing agents, as detergents, as penetrating agents, as softening agents, as dyeing assistants, as anti-static agents, and the like; as additives for rubber latices; as entraining agents for concrete and cements; as anti-static agents for rugs, floors, upholstery, plastic and wax polishes, textiles, etc; as detergents useful in metal cleaners, in floor oils, in dry cleaning, in general cleaning, and the like; as agents useful in leather processes such as in flat liquoring, pickling, acid degreasing, dye fixing, and the like; as agents in metal pickling; as additives in paints for improved adhesion of primers, in preventing waterspotting in lacquer; as anti-skinners for pigment flushing, grinding and dispersing, as antifeathering agents in ink; as agents in the preparation of wood pulp and pulp slurries, as emulsifiers for insecticidal compositions and agricultural sprays such as DDT, 24-D (toxaphene), chlordane, nicotine sulfate, hexachlorocyclohexane, and the like; as agents useful in building materials, for example, in the water repellent treatment of plaster, concrete, cement, roofing materials, floor sealers; as additives in bonding agents for various insulating building materials; and the like.

Polyalkyleneimine employed in this invention include high molecular weight polyethyleneimine, i.e. polymers of ethyleneimine,

or substituted products thereof:

C HC Ha HN I 1,2-propy1eneimine C H-CzHs CH2 1,2-buty1eneimine 2,3-buty1eneimine CH HN l CIls CH 1,1-dimethylethylimine CH-C H HN CH2 C-butylethyleneimine (EH-43121125 IIN/ CH9 C-dodecylethyleneimine CH--CisHa7 HN C113 C-octadecylethyleneimine A preferred class of polymerized 1,2-alkyleneimines include those derived from polymerizing RCII-RCH H wherein R and R are hydrogen or an alkyl radical, the latter being the same or different. Of the substituted ethyleneimines, propyleneimines are preferred.

The polyethyleneimines useful herein have molecular weights of, for example, at least 800, for example from 800 to 100,000 or higher, but preferably 20,000 to 75,000 or higher. There is no upper limit to the molecular weight of the polymer employed herein and molecular weights of 200,000, 500,000 or 1,000,000 or more can be employed.

The optimum molecular weight will depend on the particular derivative, the particular use, etc.

Although these products are generally prepared by polymerizing 1,2-alky1eneimines, they may also be prepared by other known methods, for example, by decarboxylating 2-oxazolidine as described in 2,806,839, etc.

Commercial examples of these compounds are available, for example, those sold by the Chemirad Corporation as PEP in a 50% by weight aqueous solution having a molecular weight of 30-40,000. Propyleneimine is also commercially available and suitable polymers can be prepared from this material.

For convenience and simplicity, this invention will be illustrated by employing polyethyleneimine.

Polyethyleneimine is a well known polymer whose preparation from ethyleneimine is described in US. Patent 2,182,306 and elsewhere. For convenience in polymerizing and handling, the polymer is generally prepared as an aqueous solution. Water can be removed, if desired, by distilling the water therefrom or by azeotroping the water therefrom in the presence of a hydrocarbon, such as xylene, and using the solution and/or suspension obtained thereby for further reaction or use. The following polyethyleneimines of the molecular weights indicated are employed herein to illustrate this invention.

Polymer designation: Approx. mol. wt. range Polyethyleneimine 900 800-1000 Polyethyleneimine 5,000 40006000 Polyethyleneimine 11,500 10,00012,500 Polyethyleneimine 20,000 18,000-22,000 Polyethyleneimine 35,000 30,00040,000 Polyethyleneimine 50,000 40,00060,000 Polyethyleneirnine 75,000 65,00085,000 Polyethyleneimine 100,000 550,000-125,000

4. ACYLATION A wide variety of acylating agents can be employed. Acylation is carried out under dehydrating conditions, i.e., water is removed. Any of the well-known methods of acylation can be employed. For example, heat alone, heat and reduced pressure, heat in combination with an azeotroping agent, etc., are all satisfactory.

The temperature at which reaction between the acylating agent and polyethyleneimine is effected is not too critical a factor. Since the reaction involved appear to be an amide-formation reaction and a condensation reaction, the general temperature conditions for such reactions, which are well known to those skilled in the art, are applicable.

Acylation is conducted at a temperature sufficiently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the reaction products. In general, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of from to 280 C., but preferably at to 200 C.

The product formed on acylation will vary with the particular conditions employed. First the salt, then the amide is formed. If, however, after forming the amide at a temperature between 140-250 C., but usually not above 200 C., one heats such products at a higher range, approximately 250280 C., or higher, possibly up to 300 C. for a suitable period of time, for example, 1-2 hours or longer, one can in many cases recover a second mole of water for each mole of carboxylic acid group employed, the first mole of water being evolved during amidification. The product formed in such cases contains a cyclic amidine ring, such as an imidazoline or a tetrahydropyrimidine ring. Infrared analysis is a convenient method of determining the presence of these groups.

Water is formed as a by-product of the reaction between the acylating agent and polyethyleneimine. In order to facilitate the removal of this water, to effect a more complete reaction in accordance with the principle of LeChatelier, a hydrocarbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be added to the reaction mixture. Heating is continued with the liquid reaction mixture at the preferred reaction temperature, until the removal of water by azeotropic distillation has substantially ceased. In general, any hydrocarbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be used. It is preferred, however, to use an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent of the benzene series. Non-limiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and the reaction temperature selected. Accordingly, a sutficient amount of solvent must be used to support the azeotropic distillation, but a large excess must be avoided since the reaction temperature will be lowered thereby. Water produced by the reaction can also be removed by operating under reduced pressure. When operating with a reaction vessel equipped with a reflux condenser provided with a water takeoff trap, sufficient reduced pressure can be achieved by applying a slight vacuum to the upper end of the condenser. The pressure inside the system is usually reduced to between about 50 and about 300 millimeters. If desired, the water can be removed also by distillation, while operating under relatively high temperature conditions.

The time of reaction between the acylating agent and polyethyleneimine is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the water from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until the formation of water has substantially ceased. In general, the time of reaction will vary between about 4 hours and about ten hours.

Although a wide variety of carboxylic acids produce excellent products, carboxylic acids having more than the heptenoic acids, the octeno'ic acids,

leic, linderic, etc., the tridecenoic six carbon atoms and less than 40 carbon atoms but preferably 8-30 carbon atoms give most advantageous products. The most common examples include the detergent forming acids, i.e., those acids which combine with alkalies to produce soap or soap-like bodies. The detergent-forming acids, in turn, include naturally-occurring fatty acids, resin acids, such as abietic acid, naturallyoccurring petroleum acids, such as naphthenic acids, and carboxy acids, produced by the oxidation of petroleum. As will be subsequently indicated, there are other acids which have somewhat similar characteristics and are derived from somewhat different sources and are different in structure, but can be included in the broad generic term previously indicated.

Suitable acids include straight chain and branched chain, saturated and unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, fatty, aromatic, hydroaromatic, and aralkyl acids, etc.

Examples of saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, caproic, heptanoic, caprylic, nonanoic, capric, undecanoic, lauric, tridecanoic, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, nonadecanoic, eicosanoic, hene'icosanoic, docosanoic, tricosanoic, tetracosanoic, pentacosanoic, cerotic, heptacosanoic, montanic, nonacosanoic, melissic and the like.

Examples of ethylenic unsaturated aliphatic acids are acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, anglic, teglic, the pentenoic acids, the hexenoic acids, for example, hydrosorbic acid, the nonenoic acids, the decenoic acids, for example, obtusilic acid, the undecenoic acids, the dodecenoic acids, for example, lauroacids, the tetradecenoic acids, for example, myristoleic acid, the pentadecenoic acids, the hexadecenoic acids, for example, palmitoleic acid, the heptadeceno'ic acids, the octodecenoic acids, for example, petrosilenic acid, oleic acid, elardic acid, the nonadecenoic acids, for example, the eicosenoic acids, the docosenoic acids, for example, erucic acid, brassidic acid, cetoleic acid, the tetradosenic acids, and the like.

Examples of dienoic acids are the pentadienoic acids,

the hexadienoic acids, for example, sorbic acid, the octadienoic acids, for example, linoleic, and the like.

Examples of the trienoic acids are the octadecatrienoic acids, for example, linolenic acid, eleostear'ic acid, pseudocleostearic acid, and the like.

Carboxylic acids containing functional groups such as hydroxy groups can be employed. Hydroxy acids, particularly the alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid, lactic acid, the hydroxyvaleric acids, the hydroxy caproic acids, the hydroxyheptanoic acids, the hydroxy caprylic acids, the hydroxynonanoic acids, the hydroxycapric acids, the hydroxydecanoic acids, the hydroxy lauric acids, the hydroxy tn'decanoic acids, the hydroxy-myristic acids, the hydroxypentadecanoic acids, the hydroxypalrnitic acids, the hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, the hydroxyheptadecanoic acids, the hydroxy stearic acids, the hydroxyoctadecenoic acids, for example, ricinoleic acid, ricinelardic acid, hydroxyoctadecynoic acids, for example, ricinstearol'ic acid, the hydroxyeicosanoic acids, for example, hydroxyarachidic acid, the hydroxydocosanoic acids, for example, hydroxybehenic acid, and the like.

Examples of acetylated hydroxyacids are ricinoleyl lactic acid, acetyl ricinoleic acid, choroacetyl ricinoleic acid, and the like.

Examples of the cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids are those found in petroleum called naphthenic acids, hydroca-rbic and chaumoogric acids, cyclopentane carboxylic acids, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, campholic acid, fenchlolic acids, and the like.

. Examples of aromatic monocarboxylic acids are benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acids, for example, the toluic acids, the xyleneic acids, alkoxy benzoic acid, phenyl benzoic acid, naphthalene carboxylic acid, and the like.

Mixed higher fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable sources, for example, lard, cocoanut oil, rapeseed oil,

sesame oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil,

cottonseed oil, sardine oil, tallow, soyabean oil, peanut oil, castor oil, seal oils, whale oil, shark oil, and other fish oils, teaseed oil, partially or completely hydrogenated animal and vegetable oils are advantageously employed.

such as hexahydrobenzoic acid, hydrogenated naphthoic,

hydrogenated carboxy diphenyl, naphthenic, and abietic acid; Twitchell fatty acids, carboxydiphenyl pyridine carboxylic acid, blown oils, blown oil fatty acids and the like.

Other suitable acids include phenylstearic acid, benzoyL nonylic acid, cetyloxybutyric acid, cetyloxyacetic acid, chlorstearic acid, etc. i

Examples of the polycarboxylic acids are those of the aliphatic series, for example, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pirnelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, n0- nanedicarboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acids, undecanedica-rboxylic acids, and the like.

Examples of unsaturated aliphatic polycarboxylic acids are fumaric, maleic, mesocenic, citraconic, glutonic, itaconic, muconic, aconitic acids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic polycarboxylic acids are phthalic, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acids, substituted derivatives thereof (e.g. alkyl, chloro, alkoxy, etc. derivatives), biphenyldicarboxylic acid, diphenylether dicarboxylic acids, diphenylsulfone dicarboxylic acids and the like.

Higher aromatic polycarboxylic acids containing more than two carboxylic groups are himimellitic, tn'mellitic, trimesic, mellophanic, prehnitic, pyromellitic acids, mellitic acid, and the like.

Other polycarboxylic acids are the 'dimeric, trimeric, and polymeric acids, for example, dilinoleic, trilinoleic, and other polyacids sold by Emery Industries, and the like. Other polycarboxylic acids include those containing ether groups, for example, diglycolic acid. Mixtures of the above acids can be advantageously employed.

In addition, acid precursors such as acid anhydrides, esters, acid halides, glycerides, etc., can be employed in place of the free acid.

Examples of acid anhydrides are the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides.

Any alkenyl succinic acid anhydride or the corresponding acid is utilizable for the production of the reaction products of the present invention. The general structural formulae of these compounds are:

Anhydride CHz-C Acid rated at the point of unsaturation by the addition of a substance which adds to olefinic double bonds, such as hydrogen, sulfur, bromine, chlorine, or iodine. It is obvious, of course, that there must be at least two carbon atoms in the alkenyl radical, but there is no real upper limit to the number of carbon atoms the-rein. However, it is preferred to use an alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant having between about 8 and about 18 carbon atoms per alkenyl radical. Although their use is less desirable, the alkenyl succinic acids also react, in accordance with this invention, to produce satisfactory reaction products. It has been found, however, that their use necessitates the removal of water formed during the reaction and also often causes undesirable side reactions to occur to some extent. Nevertheless, the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides and the alkenyl succinic acids are interchangeable for the purposes of the present invention. Accordingly, when the term allcenyl succinic acid anhydride, is used herein, it must be clearly understood that it embraces the alkenyl succinic acids as well as their anhydrides, and the derivatives thereof in which the olefinic double bond has been saturated as set forth hereinbefore. Non-limiting examples of the alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant are:

ethenyl succinic acid anhydrides;

ethenyl succinic acid;

ethyl succinic acid anhydride;

propenyl succinic acid anhydride;

sulfurized propenyl succinic acid anhydride; butenyl succinic acid;

Z-methylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloropentyl succinic acid anhydride;

hexenyl succinic acid anhydride;

hexyl succinic acid;

sulfurized 3-methylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid; 1,2-dibromo-2-ethylbutyl succinic acid;

heptenyl succinic acid anhydride;

1,2-diiodooctyl succinic acid;

octenyl succinic acid anhydride;

Z-methyl-heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 4-ethylhexenyl succinic acid;

Z-isopropylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; noneyl succinic acid anhydride;

2-propylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride;

decenyl succinic acid;

decenyl succinic acid anhydride; 5-methyl-2-isopropylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; l,2-dibromo-2-ethyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; decyl succinic acid anhydride;

undecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-undecyl succinic acid anhydride; .l,2-dichloro-undecyl succinic acid; 3-ethyl-2-t-butylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid anhydride;

dodecenyl succinic acid;

2-propylnonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3-butyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride;

tridecenyl succinic acid anhydride;

tetradecenyl succinic acid anhydride;

hexadecenyl succinic acid anhydride;

sulfurized octadecenyl succinic acid;

octadecyl succinic acid anhydride; l,2-dibrom-Z-methylpentadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 8-propylpentadecyl succinic acid anhydride; eicosenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-2-methylnonadecenylsuccinic acid anhydride; 2-octyldodecenyl succinic acid; 1,2-diiodotetracoseny1 succinic acid anhydride; hexacosenyl succinic acid;

hexacosenyl succinic acid anhydride; and hentriacontenyl succinic acid anhydride.

The methods of preparing the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are well known to those familiar with the art. The most feasible method is by the reaction of an olefin with maleic acid anhydride. Since relatively pure olefins are diflicult to obtain, and when thus obtainable, are often too expensive for commercial use, alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are usually prepared as mixtures by reacting mixtures of olefins with maleic acid anhydride. Such mixtures, as well as relatively pure anhydrides, are utilizable herein.

In summary, Without any intent of limiting the scope of the invention, acylation includes amidification, the formation of the cyclic amidine ring, the formation of acid imides such as might occur when anhydrides such as the alkenylsuccinic acids are reacted, i.e.

wherein P=the polyethyleneimine residue, polymers as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid is reacted intermolecularly with polyethyleneimine, cyclization as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid reacts intramolecularly with polyethyleneimine as contrasted to intermolecular reactions, etc. The reaction products may contain other substances. Accordingly, these reaction products are most accurately defined by a definition comprising a recitation of the process by which they are produced, i.e., by acylation.

The moles of acylating agent reacted with polyethyleneimine will depend on the number of acylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of acylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the polymer. Theoretically one mole of acylating agent can be reacted per amino group on the polyethyleneimine molecule. We have advantageously reacted l-20 moles of acylating agent per mole of polyethylene 900, but preferably l-12 moles. Proportionately greater amounts of acylating agent can be employed with polyethyleneimine of higher molecular weight. Thus, with polyethyleneimine 20,000, 1-50 moles of acylating agent can be employed, and with polyethyleneimine 35,000, 14100 moles can be employed, etc. Optimum acylation will depend on the particular use.

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of the acylated polyethyleneimine.

The following general procedure is employed in acylating. A xylene suspension of polyethyleneimine, after the removal of water, is mixed with the desired ratio of acid. Heat is then applied. After the removal of the calculated amount of water (1 to 2 equivalents per carboxylic acid group of the acid employed), heating is stopped and the azeotroping agent is evaporated under vacuum. The temperature during the reaction can vary from to 200 C. Where the formation of the cyclic amidine type structure is desired, the maximum temperature is generally 180- 250 C. and more than one mole of water per carboxylic group is removed. The reaction times range from 4 to 24 hours. Here again, the true test of the degree of reaction is the amount of water removed.

Example 1-'A7 The reaction is carried out in a 5 liter, 3 necked flask furnished with a stirring device, thermometer, phase separating trap, condenser and heating mantle to 1 mole (900 grams) of polyethyleneimine 900 in an equal weight of xylene (i.e., 900 grams), 200 grams of lauric acid (1 mole) is added with stirring in about ten minutes. The reaction mixture is then heated gradually to about C. in half an hour and then held at about C. over a period of 3 hours until 19 grams (1.1 moles) of Water is collected in the side of the tube. The solvent is then removed with gentle heating under reduced pressure of approximately 20 mm. The product is a dark, viscous, xylene-soluble liquid.

Example 1-A The prior example is repeated except that the final reaction temperature is maintained at 240 C. and 36 TABLE I.-AOYLATED PRIOIIfigOTS OF POLYETHYLENEI- l Molecular Ratio mols weight of Ratio mols of water Ex. Acid polycthylof acid per removed eneimine mol of PE per mol of acid 1A1 Laurie (200) 900 10:1 1.12

do 900 8:1 1.3 900 6:1 1. 5 900 5:1 1. 1 900 4: 1 1. 85 900 1:1 2. 900 1:1 1. 1 5, 000 6:1 1. 3 5, 000 :1 1. 02 5, 000 4:1 1. 6 5, 000 1:1 2. 0 11, 500 1 1. 3 11, 500 6: 1 1. 8 11, 500 2: 1 1. 1 3-A4--. 0 11,500 1:1 1.2 4-A1 Paimitic (256.4)--. 11, 500 3:1 1. 6 4-Az (10 11, 500 2:1 1. 3 4-A do 11,500 1:1 2. 0 5-A1 Stearic (284) 20,000 3:1 1. 4 5-Az d0 20,000 2:1 1.1 6-A1- Dimeric (600) (Emery 20, 000 3: 1 1v 5 Industries). 6-112-.. d0 20,000 2:1 2.0 6Aa d0 20,000 1:1 1.1 6-1-14". do 20,000 1:2 2.0 7-A1- Nonanoic (158) 50, 000 3: 1 1. 7 7Az do 50,000 2:1 1.6 7-A.-, 50,000 1 :1 1. 5 23-111.. Myristic (228 4).. 50, 000 3: 1 1.1 8"A2 0 50,000 2:1 1.9 8-A3 do 50, 000 1:1 1. 3 9-A Alkenyl (C12) Suceinic 50, 000 6: 1 1. 5

Anhy. (266). 9Ag d0 50,000 4:1 1.6 9-A3-.. do 50,000 2:1 1.4 10A1 N aphthenic (330) (Sun- 50, 000 2: 1 1. 8

aptic Acid B). 10Az d0 50,000 1:1 1.2 11A Maleic Anhydride (98). 50, 000 1:1 11-A d0 50,000 0.8:1 11-A 50,000 1:2

100, 000 2:1 1. 6 100, 000 1 1 1. 4 100, 000 1:1 1. 0 d0 100,000 1:2 2.0 1 1-A1. Diphenolic (286). 100, 000 2: 1 1. l 14'.Az d0 100,000 1:1 1. 1

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE I-A.AGYLA'1ED PRODUCTS OF IOLYPROPYLENEIMINE Molecular Mols of Mols of Ex- Weight of Acid per Water ample Polypropyl- Acid Mol of Removed eneimine Polypropylper M01 eneimine of Acid 15-.A1- 2: 1 1. 9 15-Az- 1: 1 1. 1 15-As 1 :1 0. 9 16-Ar- 3:1 1. 0 Iii-A2- 1:1 1. 2 16A3 2:1 1. 0 17-111 1 1 2. 0 17-112-- 5,000 do 3:1 1.3 17-.A3- 5, 000 Dimeric (600) (Emery 1: 1 1. 5

Industries) 18-211.. 10, 000 Diglycolic (134) 4: 1 0. 9 18-Az 10, 000 Diphenolic (286) 2:1 1.0 18A3 10, 000 Naphthenic (330) 1 :1 1. 0 19A1 20, 000 Maleic Anl 1 1 19-Az- 20, 000 N onanoic 4:1 3. 2 19A3 20, 000 leic (282) 2:1 2. 1 20-A 40, 000 Myn'stic (228 4 2:1 1. 7 20-A2- 40, 000 Oleic (282) 3: 1 2. 8 20-A3- 40, 000 Alkenyl (C12) Suceinic 1: 1 Anhydride (266).

1 0 OXYALKYLATION Polyethyleneimine can be oxyalkylated in the conventional manner, for example, by means of an alpha-beta alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, octylene oxide, a higher alkylene oxide, styrene oxide, glycide, methylglycide, etc., or combinations thereof. Depending on the particular application desired, one may combine a large proportion of alkylene oxide, particularly ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, 3. combination or alternate additions of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, or smaller proportions thereof in relation to polyethyleneimine. Thus, the molar ratio of alkylene oxide to polyethyleneimine can range within wide limits, for example, from a 1:1 mole ratio to a ratio of 1000:1, or higher, but preferably 1 to 200. For example, in demulsification extremely high alkylene oxide ratios are often advantageously employed such as 200-300 or more moles of alkylene oxide per mole of polyethyleneimine. On the other hand, for certain applications such as corrosion prevention and use as fuel oil additives, lower ratios of alkylene oxides are advantageously employed, i.e., 1-10/25 moles of alkylene oxide per mole of polyethyleneimine. With higher molecular weight polyethyleneimine, more oxyalkylatable reaction centers are prescut for alkylene oxide addition and very high ratios of alkylene oxide can be added. By proper control, desired hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties are imparted to the composition. As is well known, oxyalkylation reactions are conducted under a wide variety of conditions, at low or high pressures, at low or high temperatures, in the presence or absence of catalyst, solvent, etc. For instance oxyalkylation reactions can be carried out at temperatures of from 200 C., and pressures of from 10 to 200 p.s.i., and times of from 15 min. to several days. Preferably oxyalkylation reactions are carried out at 80 to 120 C. and 10 to 30 p.s.i. For conditions of oxyalkylation reactions see US. Patent 2,792,369 and other patents mentioned therein.

Oxyalkylation is too well known to require a full discussion. For purpose of brevity reference is made to Parts 1 and 2 of US. Patent No. 2,792,371, dated May 14, 1957, to Dickson in which particular attention is directed to the various patents which describe typical oxyalkylation procedure. Furthermore, manufacturers of alkylene oxides furnish extensive information as to the use of oxides. For example, see the technical bulletin entitled Ethylene Oxide which has been distributed by the Jeiferson Chemical Company, Houston, Texas. Note also the extensive bibliography in this bulletin and the large number of patents which deal with oxyalkylation processes.

The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylation is O. Specifically 1O represents oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine.

In the following oxyalkylations the reaction vessel employed is a stainless steel autoclave equipped with the usual devices for heating and heat control, a stirrer, inlet and outlet means and the like Which are conventional in this type of apparatus. The stirrer is operated at a speed of 250 rpm. Polyethyleneimine dissolved and/ or suspended in an equal weight of xylene is charged into the reactor. The autoclave is sealed, swept with nitrogen, stirring started immediately and heat applied. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately C. at which time the addition of the alkylene oxide is started and added continuously at such speed as it is absorbed by the reaction mixture. When the rate of oxyalkylation slows down appreciably, which generally occurs after about 15 moles of ethylene oxide are added or after about 10 moles of propylene oxide are added, the reaction vessel is opened and an oxyalkylation catalyst is added (in 2 weight percent of the total reactants present). The catalyst employed in the examples is sodium methylate. Thereupon the autoclave is flushed out as before and oxyalkylation completed. In the case of oxybutylation, oxyoctylation, oxystyrenal 1 tion, and other oxyalkylations, etc., the catalyst is added at the beginning of the operation.

Example 1-0 Using the oxyalkylation apparatus and procedure stated above, the following compounds are prepared: 900 grams (1 mol) of polyethyleneimine 900 in xylene are charged into a stainless steel autoclave, swept with nitrogen, stirring started, and autoclave sealed. The temperature is allowed to rise approximately 100 C. and ethylene oxide is injected continuously until 220 grams mols) total had been added over a one-half hour period. This reaction is exothermic and requires cooling to avoid a rise in temperature after removal of xylene. The reaction mass is transferred to a suitable container. Upon cooling to room temperature, the reaction mass is a dark extremely viscous liquid.

Example 1-0 The same procedure as Example 1-0 is used except that 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) is added to 900 grams (1 mol) of polyethyleneimine 900. This reaction material is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example 1-0 Example 1-0 A portion of the reaction mass of Example 1-0 is transferred to another autoclave and an additional amount of EtO was added. The reaction mass now contains the ratio of 1 mol of polyethyleneimine 900 to 40 mols of EtO.

Example 1-0 The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1-0 is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of polyethyleneirnine 900 to 75 mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1O The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1-0 is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of polyethyleneimine 900 to 83 mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1-0 The addition of ethylene oxide to the Example 1-O is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of polyethyleneimine 900 to 105 mols of EtO is reached.

Example 16-0 2,000 grams (-0.1 mol) of polyethyleneimine of molecular weight of 20,000 in xylene are charged into a conventional stainless steel autoclave. The temperature is raised to 120 C., the autoclave is flushed with nitrogen and sealed. Then 11.6 grams of propylene oxide (0.2 mol) are added slowly at 120 C. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 16-0 This sample contains two mols of PrO for each mol of polyethyleneimine. It is a dark, pasty solid at room temperature.

Example 16-0 The addition of propylene oxide to 16O is continued as follows: The autoclave is opened and 5 grams of sodium methylate are added. The autoclave is again purged with nitrogen and sealed. Propylene oxide is added carefully until an additional 23.2 grams have been reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 16-0 This compound now contains 6 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of polyethyleneimine 20,000.

Example 16-0 The oxypropylation of 16-O is continued until an additional 52.2 grams of propylene oxide are reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 16-0 16-0 contains 15 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of polyethyleneimine 20,000. At room temperature the product is a dark, pasty solid.

This oxyalkylation is 16-O 16-0 A summary of oxyalkylated products produced from polyethyleneimines is presented in the following Table II.

The Roman numerals (I), (II), and (III) beside the moles of oxide added indicate the order of oxide addition (I) first, (11) second and (III) third, etc.

The following abbreviations are also used throughout this application:

continued to produce Examples EtO-Ethylene oxide PrO-Propylene oxide BuO-Butylene oxide TABLE II.-OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS [Mols 0t alkylene oxide/mol polyethyleneimine] Ex. MqLPwt. EtO PrO BuO Physical properties 1-01. Viscous liquid. 1-0 a. So id. 1-0:- D0. 1-04 D0. 1-05 DO. 1-00 D0. 1-01 D0. 1-05 DO. 2-01. Viscous liquid. 2-02 D0. 2-03. Dark, thick liquid. 2-04 DO. 2-015 D0. 2-0 1 D0. 2-01 DO. 2-05 D0. 3-01- D0. 3-02- DO. 3-03 D0. 3-04 DO. 4-01. Viscous liquid. 1-01- D0. 4-03- Solid. 4-04- DO. 5-01. Viscous liquid. 6-01- Dark, thick liquid. 6-01. 50 (II) D0. 6-03- 12 (III) 10 (11) Do. 6-04. 900 20 (I) (II) (III) D0. 7-0 900 Octylene oxide, 8 mols Viscous liquid. 8-0 900 Styrene oxide, 5 mols D0. 9-0 900 Epoxide 201 (Carbide and Solid.

Carbon), 1 mol 10-01 5,000 1 Viscous liquid. 10-02.. DO. 10-03 Solid. 10-04 D0. 10-05.. DO. 10-06.. DO. 11-01.. Viscous liquid. 11-02 Dark, thick liquid. 11-03.. D0. 11-04.. D0. 11-05. D0. 12-01.. D0. 12-02.. D0. 12-03.. D0. 12-04.. D0. 13-01.. Viscous liquid. 13-02.. SOlid. 13-03.- D0. 13-04.- DO. 14-01.. Viscous liquid. 14-02.- DO. 14-03.. D0. 14-04.. 14-05.. Viscous liquid. 14-06.. 000 D0. 15-01.. 20, 000 15-02.. 20, 000 15-03.- 20, 000 15-04.. 20, 000 15-05.. 20, 000 15Oo. 20, 000

TABLE II.Continued Ex. M01. Wt EILO PrO BuO Physical properties of PE 16-01.- 20, 000 Dark, pasty solid. 16-0 20, 000 D0. 16-0 20, 000 Do. 16-04.. 20, 000 Do. 16-0 20, 000 D0. 17-01.. ,000 Pasty solid 17-0 20, 000 D0. 17-0 20, 000 D0. 17-0 20, 000 Do. 18-01.. 20, 000 Solid. 18-03.. 20, 000 Light brown solid. 18-03.. 000 Do. 18-0 20, 000 D0. 18-03.. 000 D0. l8-On.. 20, 000 D0. 19-01.. 50, 000 D0. 19-02.. 50,000 D0. 19-03.. 50, 000 Solid. 19-04.. 50, 000 D0. 19-0 50, 000 D0. 19-05.. 50, 000 Do. 19-01.. 50, 000 Do 19-05.. 50, 000 Hard solid. 20-01.. 50,000 Pasty solid. 211- 50,000 Do. 20-03.. 50, 000 DO. 2004.. 50, 000 Do. 20-0 50,000 D0. -03.. 50, 000 D0. 21-0 50, 000 orohydrin 3 mols Do. 22-01.. 50, 000 18 (II) 4 (III) Waxy Solid 22-02.. 50, 000 6 (II) (I) 12 (III) Do. 22-03-. 50,000 14 (III) 22 (II) (I) Do. 22-04.. 50,000 5 (I) (III) 6 (II) Do. 22-05.. 50,000 1 (II) 10 (I) 3 (III) Do. 22-00.. 50, 000 10 (III) 80 (I) 10 (II) D0. 23-01.. 100, 000 1 D0. 23-02.. 100, 000 5 Do. 23-0 100, 000 14 D0. 23-0 100, 000 24 D0. 23-03.. 100, 000 48 Do. 23-00.. 100, 000 60 D0. 23-01.. 100, 000 75 D0. 23-03-- 100, 000 150 Do. 24-01.. 100, 000 Do. 24-0 100, 000 D0. 24-0 100, 000 D0. 24-04.. 100, 000 Do. 24-0 100, 000 D0. 24-03.. 100, 000 D0. 24-07.. 100, 000 D0. 24-0 100, 000 Do. 24-03.. 100, 000 D0. 24-010. 100, 000 D0. 25-01.. 100, 000 Do. 25-02.. 100, 000 4 (III) Do. 25-0 100, 000 (III) D0. 25-0 100, 000 28 (III) Do. 26-01.. 100,000 8 (I) Do. 26-0 100, 000 4 (II) D0. 26-03.. 100, 000 3 (I) Do. 26-0 100, 000 6 (III) Do. 26-05. 100, 0G 2 (III) Do. 26-00.. 100, 000 6 (II) D0.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLEZII-Ar-OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS OF POLYPRO- TABLE IIA-C0ntinued M01. Mols of alkylene oxide per Physical weight of moi of polypropylcueimine properties Ex. polypropyleneimine EtO PrO BuO 31-03.. 500 12 (II) 44 (I) Thick dark liquid. 32-01.. 500 5 (III) 10 (II) (I) Do. 3 32- 02 500 10 (II) (I) 3 (III) Do. 32-03.. 500 15 (I) 80 (II) 1 (III) Do. 32-04.. 500 5 (I) 20 (III) 2 (II) Do. 33-0- 500 Octylene oxide, 5 mols Do. 34-0- 500 Styrene oxide, 3 mols Do. 35-0- 500 Epoxide 201 (Collide and Solid.

0 il'bOIl) 1 mol 36-01.. 1, 000 Viscous liquid. 36-02.. 1, 000 0. 36-0 1, 000 Solid. 36-04.. 1, 000 Do. 30-05-. 1, 009 Do. 36-0 1,000 Do. 36-07.. 1, 000 Waxy solid. 37-01-. 1,000 Viscous liquid. 37-02-- 1, 000 Do. 37-0 1, 000 Do. 87-04-. 1, 000 Do. 37-0 1, 000 D0. 38-01-. 1, 000 Do. 38-02.- 1, 000 Solid. 39-01-. 1,000 Viscous Liquid. 39-02.. 1,000 0. 39-0 I, 000 Solid. 39-04.. 1, 000 (I) Thick liquid. 40-0. 1,000 201 (Carbide and Solid.

Carbon), 2 mols 41-0 1, 000 Styrene oxide, 6 mols Viscous liquid. 42-0 1, 000 Octylene oxide, 2 mols Do. 43-01-. 5,000 1 Do. 43-0 5,000 5 Do. 43-03.. 5, 000 2 Solid. 43-04.. 5,000 Do. 43-03.. 5,000 Do. 43-06-. 5, 000 Do. 44-01-. 5, 000 Viscous liquid. 44-03.. 5, 000 Thick liquid. 44-03-. 5, 000 Do. 44-0 5,000 Do. 44-05.. 5, 000 Do. 44-06-. 5,000 Do. 44-07-. 5, 000 D0. 45-01-. 5, 000 Viscous liquid. 45-03-. 5,000 Do. 45-0 5, 000 Do. 45-04.. 5,000 Do. 46-0 5, 000 Do. 46-0 5,000 Do. 46-03-. 5,000 Do. 46-0 5, 000 Do. 46-O 5,000 Do. 46-04-. 5, 000 D0. 47-0 5,000 Do. 48-01.. 10,000 Pasty solid. 48-0 10,000 Do. 48-0 10,000 Do. 48-0 15,000 D0. 480 10, 000 Do. 49-01-. 10, 000 Do. 49-0 10,000 Do. 49-0 3- 10, 000 D0. 49-04-. 10,000 Do. 50-01- 10, 000 D0. 50O 10,000 Do. 50-0 10,000 Do. 51-0.-. 10,000 6 (II) 10 (III) 14 (I) Do. 51-0 ,000 22 (III) 1 (II) 4 (I) Do. 51-03. 10,000 6 (I 2 (II) 3 (III) Do. 51-04-. 10,000 5 (I) 18 (III) 2 (II) Do. 52-0 000 Octylene oxide, 4 mols Do. 53-0 10, 000 Epoxide 201 (Carblde and D0.

Carbon), 1 mol ACYLATION THEN OXYALKYLATION Prior acylated polyethyleneimine can be oxyalkylated in the above manner by starting with acylated polyethyleneimine instead of the unreacted polymer. Non-limiting examples are presented in the following tables. The symbol employed to designate an acylated, oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine is A0. Specifically 1A O represents acylated, then oxyalkylated polyethlyeneimine.

Example 1A O For this example an autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 1671 grams (1 mole) of 1-A are charged into the autoclave. Following a nitrogen purge and the addition of 75 grams of sodium methylate, the temperature is raised to 135 C. and 2436 grams of PrO (42 mols) are added. At the completion of this reaction, 440 grams of EtO mols) are added and the reaction allowed to go to completion. The resulting polymer is a dark viscous fluid soluble in an aromatic solvent. Ratio of reactants 1 mole starting material/Pro 42 mols/EtO 10 mols.

Example 2A O For this example a conventional autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 525 grams of 2A (0.1 mol) are charged into the autoclave. The charge is catalyzed with grams of sodium methylate, purged with nitrogen and heated to 150 C. 24.6 grams (0.2 mole) of styrene oxide are added and reacted for four hours with agitation. The resulting product is a dark extremely viscous fluid. Ratio of reactants 1 mole starting material/ 2 moles EtO.

These reactions and other reactions are summarized in the following table.

TABLE IIL-OXYALKYLATED, PRIOR ACYLATED POLY- ETHYLENEIMINE [Mols of oxide per mol of reactant] Example EtO l PrO B110 Physical properties 1-A 01 Viscous Liquid. 1-A50: 22 D0. 1-A5Os 10(II) 42(1) D0 1-A O4. 14(III) 26(11) 10(1) D0 l-Abob- 4(1) 12(11) D o 1-A5Ou. D0. 2A4O. Styrene oxide, 2 mols Dark, viscous liquid. 4-A;0.- 24 i 5-A20 2(1) 4(11) 6(111) Thick liquid. 6-A4O 6 Do. 9A20 Octy ene oxide, 5 mols Do. 10A|O1.. 4(11) 28(1) Do. 10A1O2.-- Solid.

10-11101" Viscous liquid.

D 0. Do. 12 Solid. 12-Az0].. 4(II) Do.

15 The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE IIIA.OXYALKYLATED, PRIOR ACYLATED POLYPROPYLENETMINE Example EtO PrO BuO Physical properties Ila-A201 10 Viscous liquid. l5*;\20z 3 A D0. 151K20 2(1) 2(11) Do. iii-A204 6(11) 10(III) Do. 15-Ag0 A 4 D0. 16-Ar0 Epoxide 201 (Carbide and Do.

Carbon), 1 mol 17-11301 10(11) (1) D0. lT-A:;O2 D0.

3 A y .ue D0. A3 i 1 p 8 I Styrene oxide, 3 inols Do. 5(III) 40(11: 2(1) D0. 12(11) 65(1) Do. Epichlorohydrin, 2 mols Do. I s L 1 Do. 3 D0.

OXYALKYLATION THEN ACYLATION The prior oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine can be acylated with any of the acylation agents herein disclosed (in contrast to acylation prior to oxyalkylation). Since these reactants also have hydroxy groups, acylation, in addition to reaction with amino groups noted above, also includes esteriflcation.

The method of acylation in this instance is similar to that carried out with polyethyleneimine itself, i.e., dehydration wherein the removal of water is a test of the completion of the reaction.

Example 1O A One mole of 1-0 (1120 grams) in 500 ml. of xylene is mixed with three moles of acetic acid (180 grams) at room temperature. The temperature is raised slowly to 130 C. and refluxed gently for one hour. The temperature is then raised to l50160 C. and heated until 3 moles of water and all of the xylene are stripped off. The dark product is water-soluble.

Example 2O.;A

0.1 mole of 2O (380 grams) in 400 ml. of xylene is mixed with 0.1 mole of palmitic acid (25.6 grams) at room temperature. Ratio 1 mole 2O to 1 mole of palmitic acid. Vacuum is applied and the temperature is raised slowly until one mole of water (18 grams) is removed. This product is a dark viscous liquid.

Example 2O A 0.1 mole of 2-0 (757 grams) is mixed with 500 grams of xylene and heated to 100 C. 0.1 mole of diglycolic acid (13.4 grams) is added slowly to prevent excessive foaming. Ratio 1 mole 2-0 to 1 mole glycolic acid. The temperature is raised to -l50 C. and held until one mole of water has evolved. This product is the diglycolic acid fractional ester of 2O A white precipitate forms during this reaction which can be removed by filtration. Analysis shows the precipitate to be sodium acid diglycolate, a reaction product of the catalyst and diglycolic acid. The filtered product is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Table IV contains examples which further illustrate the invention. The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylated, acylated products is 0A.

TABLE IV.ACYLATED, PRIOR OXYALKYLATED POLY- ETHYLENEIMINE Mols of acylating agent per mol oxyalkylated Ratio mols of Water removed to mols acylating agent employed Physical Acylating agent Ar-etin Dark viscous liqu Terephthalic Benzoie The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE IVA.ACYLATED, PRIOR OXYALKYLATED POLY- PROPYLENEIM INE M ols of acyl- Ratio mols ating agent of water Example Acylating per mol of removed to Physical agent oxyalkylated mols of acylproperties polypropylating agent eneimine employed 27O2A Oleic 2 2 Thick dark liquid. A 27-0411 Diphenolic 1 1 Pasty sohd. 280 A. Lauric 3 1 Do. 28OuA Acetic 4 1 Do. 29-02 Naphtheuie 1 1 Do. 3lO2A. Stearic 2 2 Do. 32-O4A. Tall oil 1 1 Do. 37O1A Maleie 1 Do.

anhydride. 39OzA Palrnitic 2 2 Do. 43-0 1 1--- Dimeric 3 1 Waxy sohd.

(Emery)Iudustries 44-0511"- Diglycolic 1 1 Pasty solid. 45O1A Myristic 2 1 Do. 48-O3A.- Rieino1eic 1 1 Do. 50- Abietic 2 2 Do. 1 1 D0. 1 1 Do. 1 1 W axy solid 62O2A Diglycolic 1 1 Do.

HEAT TREATMENT OF OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS The oxyalkylated products described herein, for example, those shown in Table II relating to oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine and those in Table III relating to oxyalkylated, prior acylated, polyethyleneimine can be heat treated to form useful compositions.

In general, the heat treatment is carried out at 200- 250 C. Under dehydrating conditions, where reduced tures can be employed, for example ISO-200 C.

Water is removed during the reaction, such as by means of a side trap. Nitrogen passing through the reaction mixture and/or reduced pressure can be used to facilitate water removal.

The exact compositions cannot be depicted by the usual chemical formulas for the reason that the structures are subject to a wide variation.

The heat treatment is believed to result in the polymerization of these compounds and is effected by heating same at elevated temperatures, generally in the neighborhood of ZOO-270 (3., preferably in the presence of catalysts, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethylate, sodium glycerate, or catalysts of the kind commonly employed in the manufacture of superglycerinated fats, calcium chloride, iron and thelike. The proportion of catalyst employed may Vary from slightly less than 0.1%, in some distances, to over 1% in other instances.

Conditions must be such as to permit the removal of water formed during the process. At times the process can be conducted most readily by permitting part of the volatile constituents to distill, and subsequently subjecting the vapors to condensation. The condensed volatile distillate usually contains water formed by reaction. The water can be separated from such condensed distillate by any suitable means, for instance, distilling with xylene, so as to carry over the water, and subsequently removing the xylene. The dried condensate is then returned to the reaction chamber for further use. In some instances, condensation can best be conducted in the presence of a high-boiling solvent, which is permitted to distill in such a manner as to remove the Water of reaction. In any event, the speed of reaction and the character of the polymerized product depend not only upon the original reactants themselves, but also on the nature and amount of catalyst employed, on the temperature employed, the time of reaction, and the speed of Water removal, i.e., the efiectiveness with which the water of reaction is removed from the combining mass. Polymerization can be effected without the use of catalysts in some instances, but such procedure is generally undesirable, due to the fact that the reaction takes a prolonged period of time, and usually a significantly higher temperature. The use of catalyst such as iron, etc. fosters the reaction.

The following examples are presented to illustrate heat treatment. The symbol used to designate a heat treated oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine is OH and an acylated, oxyalkylated product is AOH. In all examples 500 grams of starting material are employed.

Example 2-O H in water.

Example 19O H The process of the immediately previous example is repeated using 19-0 but substituting sodium methylate for calcium chloride. The product is a dark, viscous, watersoluble material.

The process of Example 2-O H is repeated using 15-0 but substituting powdered iron for calcium chloride.

TABLE V.HEAT TREATED (1) OXYALKYLA'IED AND (2) AGYLATED, OXYALKYLATED POLYETHYLENEIMINE Water Removed Example Reaction Catalyst (5 grams) Time Physical properties Temp., C. in hours Grams Mols 250 74 4. 1 8.0 Dark, viscous liquid. 225 57 3. 2 16. 5 Do. 265 36 2. 23 Do. 270 38 2. 1 30 Do. 255 95 5. 3 9. 5 Solid. 240 32 1. 8 12 Viscous liquid. 260 40 2. 2 13 Do. 250 72 4 18 Do. 200 54 3 24 Do. 265 90 5 30 Do. 255 54 3 16 Do. 235 36 2 18 D0. 275 76 4. 2 20 Solid. 255 54 3 16 Viscous liquid. 265 63 3. 5 8 D0. 255 57 3. 2 12 Do. 250 36 2 14 Do. 260 38 2.1 11 Do. 265 40 2. 2 13 Do. 1A5OrH 225 36 2.0 16 Paste. 5A2OI-l 240 40 2.2 8 Do. 11-A3O1H.-- 235 90 5 14 D0. 12-A1OzH..- 260 32 1.8 18 Do.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE VA.HEAT TREATED (1) OgiYALKYLATED AND (2) ACYLATED, OXYALKYLATED OLYPROPYLENEIMINE Water Removed Example Reaction Catalyst (5 grams) Time Physical properties Temp," C in hours Grams Mols 27O3H 260 32 1. 8 18 Dark, viscous liquid.

240 2.2 8 D0. 265 40 2.2 13 D0. 250 36 2.0 14 Do. 265 63 3. 5 8 Do. 275 76 4. 2 20 Do. 255 54 3.0 16 D0. 200 54 3. 0 24 Pasty. 260 40 2. 2 13 Viscous liquid. 260 95 5.3 9. 5 D0. 255 36 2. 0 23 Do. 270 Iron 74 4. 1 8. Do. 22:) Aluminum Chloride- 32 1. 8 18 D0. 250 CaClz 90 5.0 14 Do. 235 Sodium Methylate. 36 2. 0 16 Do. 38 2.1 11 D0. 57 3.2 12 Paste. 54 3.0 16 Do. 36 2.0 18 Do. 1 90 5.0 30 Do. 20-ArOaH 32 1.8 12 Do.

ALKYLATION other elements besides carbon and hydrogen as, for exam- Alkylation relates to the reaction of polyethyleneimme Where dlchlgroethyl ether 18 P The alkyl halides can be chemically pure compounds and derivatives thereof with alkylating agents.

Any hydrocarbon halide, e.g. alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, etc., halide which contains at least one carbon atom and up to about thirty carbon atoms or more per molecule can be employed to alkylate the products of this invention. It is especially preferred to use alkyl halides having between about one to about eighteen carbon atoms per molecule. The halogen portion of the alkyl halide reactant molecule can be any halogen atom, i.e., chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. In practice, the alkyl bromides and chlorides are used, due to their greater commercial availability. Non-limiting examples of the alkyl halide reactant are methyl chloride; ethyl chloride; propyl chloride; n-butyl chloride; sec-butyl iodide; t-butyl fluoride; n-amyl bromide; isoamyl chloride; n-hexyl bromide; n-hexyl iodide; heptyl fluoride; Z-ethyl-hexyl chloride; n-octyl bromide; decyl iodide; dodecyl bromide; 7- ethyl-Z-methyl-undecyl iodide; tetradecyl bromide; hexadecyl bromide; hexadecyl fluoride; heptadecyl chloride; octadecyl bromide; docosyl chloride; tetracosyl iodide; hexacosyl bromide; octacosyl chloride; and triacontyl chloride. In addition, alkenyl halides can also be employed, for example, the alkenyl halides corresponding to the above examples. In addition, the halide may contain or of commercial purity. Mixtures of alkyl halides, having carbon chain lengths falling within the range specified hereinbefore, can also be used. Examples of such mixtures are mono-chlorinated wax and mono-chlorinated kerosene. Complete instructions for the preparation of mono-Chlorowax have been set forth in United States Patent 2,238,790.

Since the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine is a condensation reaction, or an alkylation reaction, characterized by the elimination of hydrogen halide, the general conditions for such reactions are applicable herein. For certain uses it is preferable to carry out the reaction at temperatures of between about and about 250 C., preferably between about C. and about 200 C., in the presence of a basic material which is capable of reacting with the hydrogen halide to remove it. Such basic materials are, for example, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, tertiary alkyl amines, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and the like.

It is preferred to perform the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine in a hydrocarbon solvent under reflux conditions. The aromatic hy- 21 drocarbon solvents of the benzene series are especially preferable. Non-limiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and on the reaction temperature selected. For example, it will be apparent that the amount of solvent used can be so great that the reaction temperature is lowered thereby.

The time of reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the hydrogen halide from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until no more hydrogen halide is formed. In general, the time of reaction will vary widely, such as between about four and about ten hours.

It can be postulated that the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine results in the formation of products where the alkyl group of the alkyl halide has replaced a hydrogen atom attached to a nitrogen atom. It is also conceivable that alkylation of an alkylene group of polyethyleneimine can occur. However, the exact composition of any given reaction product cannot be predicted. For example, when two moles of butyl bromide are reacted with one mole of polyethylenei-mine 900, a mixture of mono-, diand triand higher N-alkylated products can be produced. Likewise, the alkyl groups can be substituted on different nitrogen atoms in different molecules of polyethyleneimine.

Thus, the term alkylation as employed herein and in the claims include alkenylation, cycloalkenylation, aralkylation, etc., and other hydrocarbonylation as well as alkylation itself.

In general, the following examples are prepared by reacting the alkyl halide with the polyethyleneimine at the desired ratio in the presence of one equivalent of base for each equivalent HCl given off during the reaction. Water formed during the reaction is removed by distillation. Where the presence of the anions, such as chlorine, bromine, etc., is not material and salts and quaternary compounds are desired, no base is added.

The following examples are presented to illustrate alkylation of polyethyleneimine.

In these examples, the term mesomer is employed.

A mesomer is defined as a repeating radical which, when combined with other mesomers, forms the principal portion of the polymer molecule.

Thus, the unit I H --CN is the mesomer of polyethyleneimine, since polyethyleneimine may be represented 'by the formula Example -K 430 grams of polyethyleneimine 50,000, equivalent to mesomeric units of ethyleneimine, in 500* ml. of xylene and 570 grams of sodium carbonate, equivalent to 8 moles, are placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser take-off for removal of volatile components. The stirred reactants are heated to about 100 C. whereupon 1140 g. (8 mols) of dichloroethyl ether is started in slowly at such a rate that the temperature of the reaction vessel contents never exceeds 165 C., but preferably stays around 135 C. The reaction is exothermic and 56 hours are required to add all the dichloroethyl ether. After all the dichloroethyl ether has been added, the temperature is allowed to drop to about 90-100" whereupon reduced pressure is applied to the reaction vessel and all xylene stripped out. The material left in the vessel is a 22 thick brown liquid which solidifies upon cooling to a glassy-solid.

Example 8A Example 20O HK The equivalent of 10 rnesomeric units based on polyethyleneimine of the material 20O H (Table V) in 300 ml. of xylene and 420 grams sodium bicarbonate, equivalent to 5 moles, are placed in an autoclave equipped with a stirring device, a thermometer and a condenser reflux device which can be closed off from the autoclave during reactions in which pressures above atmosphere are experienced. The autoclave is closed and heat is applied to bring up the temperature to 120130 C. at which time 5 mols methyl chloride are added slowly while never allowing pressure to exceed 5 atmospheres pressure. Several hours will be necessary to get all methyl chloride in and pressure inside the vessel down to one atmosphere. At this point the reflux condenser is opened, the temperature is allowed to drop to 90-l00 C. and a slight vacuum applied in order to reflux the xylene out of the autoclave. The resulting material is a very viscous amber colored liquid.

The reactions shown in the following table are carried out in a similar manner. Each reaction in the table is carried out in two ways( 1) in the presence of base, as in 5-K to yield the alkylation product and (2) in the absence of base to yield the halogen-containing or sulfate-containing (5K X) products.

The alkylated products of this invention contain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amino groups. By controlling the amount of alkylation agent employed and the conditions of the reaction, ete., one cancontrol the type and amount of alkylation. For example, by reaction less than the stoichiometric amount of alkylation agent one could preserve the presence of nitrogen-bonded hydrogen present on the molecule and by exhaustive alkylation in the presence of sufiicient basic material, one can form more highly alkylated compounds.

The moles of alkylating agent reacted with polyethyleneimine will depend on the number of alkylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of alkylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the molecule. Theoretically, every hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen atom can be alkylated. We have advantageously reacted 1-20 moles of alkylating agent per moles of polyethyleneimine 900 but preferably l12 moles. With polyethyleneimine 20,000 greater amounts of alkylating agent can be employed, for example 1-50 moles, and with polyethyleneimine 40,000, 1-100 moles, etc. Optimum alkylation will depend on the particular application.

In addition, the alkyl halide may contain functional groups. For example, chloroacetic acid can be reacted with polyethyleneimine to yield a compound containing carb oxylic acid groups.

PNCH COOH, wherein P is the residue of polyethyleneimme.

In addition, polyethyleneimine can be alkylated with an alkyl halide such as alkyl chloride and then reacted with chloroacetic acid to yield an alkylated polyethyleneimine containing carboxylic acid groups 3 12 z5N) nP-(CH G 0H),.

23 The symbol employed to designate an alkylated polyethyleneimine is K. Where the product is a salt or a quarternary the symbol is KX. Thus, for example, where no acceptor base is employed and a salt is allowed to form 1A O K would be lA O KX.

TABLE VL-ALKYLATED PRODUCTS Mols Mol. alkylating Physical Example wt. Alkylating agent agent per properties PE mesomer unit Allyl chloride O. 2 Viscous liquid. ---.do 0.7 Do. Benzyl chloride. 0.3 Do. 0 0.8 Solid.

Methyl chloride. 0.3 Viscous liquid. ..---do 1.0 Solid.

Ethylene dichloride. 0. 2 Viscous liquid. --...do 0.5 Do. 1,4-dichlorobutene-2. 0. 2 Do. 0.5 Do. 0.2 Do. o 0. 4 Do. Dodecylhcnzene 0.2 Solid.

chloride. 4-K: 20,000 .do 0.5 Do. 4 K 20, (J00 Butyl chloride 0.3 Viscous liquid. 4-Ki 20, 000 .--.-do 0.6 Do. 5-Ki 50,000 Diclilorodiethyl 0.2 Do.

other. 5-K2 50, 000 .do 0.8 Solid. 5-K3 50, 000 Benzyi chloride. 0.3 Viscous liquid 5-K; 50, 000 .----do 0 8 Solid. 6-K; 100,000 Ethylene dichloride. 0 2 Viscous liquid. 100,000 0.8 Do. O. 3 Do. 1. 0 Solid. 0.2 Viscous liquid. .--do 0.2 Do. Dodecenyl chloride... 0. 2 Solid. Methyl chloride 0. 5 Viscous liquid. Benzyl chloride..--. 0. 4 Solid. Dimethyl sulfate.--- 0.2 Viscous liquid. 12A2K-- Dichlorodiethyl 0. 4 Do.

ether. 1-OiK 1,4-dichlorobutene- 0.3 Do.

Benzyl chloride. 0. 4 Solid. Methyl chloride.- 0. 7 o Ethylene dichloride. 0.2 Viscous liquid. Benzyl chloride. 0.4 Solid. Dimethyl sulfate.-- 0. 2 Viscous liquid. Dichlorodiethyl 0.4 Solid.

ether. Methyl chloride 0. 6 Do. Dodecyl benzyl 0.2 Do.

chloride. 1,4-xylylene 0. 2 Viscous dichloride. liquid. Beiizyl chloride.. 0. 5 Solid. Methyl chloride. 0. 6 Do. Dodeceriyl chloride.. 0. 2 Do. Ethylene dichloride. 0.3 Viscous liquid. 1 1,4-dichlorobutene-2. 0. 2 Do. 1A O K.- Benzyl chloride. 0.4 Solid 5-.A OK. Dichlorodiethyl 0 4 Do.

ether. l2A2O1K.--. Methyl chloride. 0 5 Do. 1-O1AiK. Octadecyl chloride.. 0 2 Do. 2-O0AK- Benzyl chloride... 0 4 Do. 14O AK.--. Dichlorodietliyl 0 3 Viscous ether. liquid. 22OiAK- Methyl chloride.-.-. 0.6 Do. 26-O5AK. Benzyl chloride. 0 6 Solid. l-OzHK ..do 0 4 o. 7-OHK Dichlorodiethyl 0 2 Viscous ether. liquid. l1OiHK---. Ethylene dichloride. O 2 Do. 20O|HK-- Methyl chloride.---- 0 5 Do. 25O2HK.--. Dirnethyl sulfate..-. 0 2 Do.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE VIA.-ACYLATED PRODUCTS Mols of M01. wt. allrylating Physical Example of PE Alkylating agent agent per properties mesomer unit Allyl chloride 0.2 Viscous liquid. --..-do 0.7 Do. Benzyl chloride 0.3 Do. .do 0.8 Do. Methyl chloride.- 0. 7 Do. .....do 1.0 Do. Ethylene dichloride. 0. 2 Do. do 0. 5 Do. 1,4-chlorobutene-2--. 0. 2 D0. 0.5 Do. 0.2 Do. o 0. 4 D0. Dodecylbciizene 0. 2 Solid.

chloride. --..-do 0.5 Do. Butyl chloride- 0.3 Do. ....-do 0.6 Do. Dichlorodiethyl 0. 2 Do.

ether. --..-do 0.8 Do. Benzyl chlorid 0.3 Do. 0.8 Do. 0.3 Do. ...--do 0.8 Do. Allyl chloride. 0.5 Do. Dimethyl sulfate..-- 0. 8 Viscous liquid Methyl chloride.---. 0.3 Do. Ethylene dichloride. 0.8 Do. Dichlorodiethyl 0. 2 Solid.

ether. Benzyl chloride. 0. 6 Do. 1,4-dichlorobutene- 0. 3 Do. Dodecenyl chloride. 0. 5 Viscous liquid. Benzyl chloride. 0.2 Do. 1,4-xyly1ene dichlo- 1.0 Do.

ride. Dodecyl benzene 0.8 Do.

chloride. Dimethyl sulfate.-. 0.3 Solid. Ethylene dichloride. 0. 7 Do. Butyl chloride- 0.2 Do. Allyl chloride. 0. 5 Do. Benzyl chloride. 0. 3 Viscous liquid. Methyl chloride..--- 1. 0 Solid.

Ethylene dichloride. 0. 6 D0. Dichloro pentane 0.5 Do. Dichlorodiethyl 0. 2 Do.

ether. Dimethyl sulfate--. 1. 0 Do. Methyl chloride. 0.8 Do. Allyl chloride. 0. 5 Do. 20AiOiHK.. Butyl chloride 0.2 Do.

In addition to the above examples wherein a base acceptor is employed to remove the acid anion such as halogen, sulfate, etc., the above examples are also prepared omitting the inorganic base from the reaction medium. When this is done, a halogen containing salt, quaternary, etc. is formed. Examples where such salts are formed will be designated as above except that they will contain an X designation for example instead of 1O A K they will be lO A KX, and instead of 22O AK they will be 22-O AKX, etc. X indicates salt formation.

ALKYLATED, THEN ACYLATION The alkylated material prepared above can be further treated with acylating agent where residual acylatable amino groups are still present on the molecule. The acylation procedure is essentially that described above wherein carboxylic acids react with the alkylated polyethyleneimine under dehydrating conditions to form amides and cyclic amidines. The product depends on the ratio of moles of water removed for each carboxylic acid group, i.e., l

25 mole water/1 mole carboxylic essentially amides; more than 1 mole water/1 mole carboxylic acid group, essentially cyclic amidines, such as imidazolines.

Such compounds are illustrated in the following table. The symbol employed to designate alkylated, acylated products is KA and acylated, alkylated, acylated products is AKA.

TABLE VII.ACYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED POLYE'IH- YLENEIMINE OR DERIVATIVE Ratio mols Mols of acylating water re- Example Acylating agent per moved per Physical Agent mol polyethmole of properties yleneimine reactant deriv.

1-KzA Laurie 4:1 1 Viscous li uid. 2-K3A Oleic 1:1 1.5 0. 3-K1A Pallnitie 1:1 1 Do. 4K4A Dimeric 0.521 1 Solid. 5-K1A Nonanoic. 2:1 1 Viscous liquid 5K2A Ricinoleie 2:1 1.8 Do. 5-K A Succiuic an- 2:1 1 Do.

Y 8 alkyl (C12). 5-K4A Stearie 1:1 1.5 Solid. 6K A. Myristic 2:1 1 Viscous liquid. 2-A4KA Acetic 2:1 1 Do. 6-.A4KA Diglycolienu. 1:1 1 Do. 2-01KA Laurie 2:1 1 Viscous liouid l-OzKA Oleic 2:1 1.3 Do. 1O2HKA Maleic an- 1:1 Solid.

hydride.

The following table presents specific illustrations of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE VIIA.ACYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED' POLY- PROPYLENEIMINE OR DERIVATIVE Ratio mols i acylating M 01s of water Example Acylating agent per mol removed per Physical Agent of polypromol of properties pyleneimine reactant deriv.

Myristic. 2: 1 1 Viscous li uid. Acetic 2:1 1 o. Diglycolic 1:1 1 Do. Laurie 2:1 1 Do. Oleic 2:1 1. 3 Do. Maleic 1:1 Solid.

anhydride. Laurie- 4: 1 1 Viscous liquid Oleic 1:1 1. Do. Palmitic 1:1 1 Do. 44O5KA Dimei ic. 0.6:1 1 Do. 6lOzKA Nonanoie... 2:1 1 Do. 15A2O KA Ricinoleic 2:1 1. 8 Do. 19-AaO3KA Alkyl 2:1 Solid.

succinic anhydride n)- 44-O AKA Stearic 1:1 1 Viscous 11 uid. 46-O3HKA. Myristic 2:1 1 o. 20A102HKA. Acetic 1:1 1 D0.

OLEFINATION Olefination relates to the reaction of polyethyleneimine and derivatives with olefins.

The compositions of this invention, including polyethyleneimine itself as well as reaction products thereof containing active hydrogens, can be reacted with unsaturated compounds, particular compounds containing activated double bonds, so as to add polyethyleneimine across the double bonds as illustrated herein:

Where one or more active hydrogens are present at an-' other reactive site, the following reaction could take place:

The reaction is carried out in the conventional manner such as illustrated, for example, in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Wagner & Zook (Wiley, 1953), page 673.

Non-limiting examples of unsaturated compounds which can be reacted with the polyamine and derivatives thereof including the following-acrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic acids and esters, crotonic acid and esters, cinnamic acid and esters, styrene, styrene derivatives and related compounds, butadiene, vinyl ethers, vinyl ketones, maleic esters, vinyl sulfones, etc.

In addition, polyethyleneimine and derivatives thereof containing active hydrogens can be used to prepare telomers of polymer prepared from vinyl monomers.

The following are examples of olefination. The symbol employed to designate olefination is U and alkylation, olefination KU.

Example 1-U The olefination reaction is carried out in the usual glass resin apparatus. Since the reaction is that of a double bond with an active hydrogen, no water is eliminated. The reaction is relatively simple, as shown by the following example:

Charge 900 grams of polyethyleneimine 900 in xylene (1 mol) into glass resin apparatus. Care should be taken that the PEI 900 is Water-free, to eliminate undesirable side reactions. At room temperature, slowly add 53 grams of acrylonitrile (1 mol). The reaction proceeds smoothly without the aid of a catalyst. Warm gently to -100 C. and stir for one hour.

Example 6-U To 1,000 grams of polyethyleneimine 100,000 (0.1 mol) in 300 grams of xylene, add 1.24 grams of divinyl sulfone (0.01 mol) at room temperature. This reaction is exothermic and the ambient temperature is employed.

Example 2-O KAU Further examples of the reaction are summarized in the following table:

TABLE VIIL-OLEFINATION M01. weight Mols of Temp., Example of polyethyl- Olefin olefin per Time C;

eneimine mol PE 900 Acrylouitrile .7 1: 80-100 Methylacrylate. 2: 80-100 1 3: 90 2: 120 2: 125 2: 100 11,500 1: 70 11,500 Styrene 77 1: 90 11,500 Laurylrnethacrylate7 2: 135 20, 000 Divinylsulfone 1: 80-100 20,000 Methyl methacrylate7 7 1: 80-100 20, 000 Acrylonitrile 3: 80-100 50,000 Methylaerylate" 3: 80-100 50,000 Aerylonitrile7 3: 80-100 50,000 Styrene 3: 90 100,000 Diviny1sulfone 1: 70 100,000 Ethyl crotuate 2: 125 100,000 Dioctyl maleate 7 2: 100

Mols of Temp., Olefin olefin per Time C,

lvlol PE Styrene 7 1 1 90 Divinyl sulfone. 1:1 M ethyleerylute. 1:1 -100 Divinyl sulfone. 1 :1 70 Styrene 7 3: 1 Dimethyl maleate 1:1 Dloct maleatm 7 2:1 100 Ethyl crotonate- 2:1 125 Divinyl sull'oue 7 1:1 70 1 4:1 90 3:1 80-100 3:1 80-100 3:1 80-100 1:1 80-100 1:1 70 2:1 135 1:1 70 7 2:1 100 Ethyl crotonate. 7 2:1 125 Ethyl cinnamate- 7 2:1 Styrene 7. 3:1 90 2-O1KAU Methylacrylate 7 2:1 80-100 l-ozliKAUn Acrylonitrile .7 1:1 80-100 The followmg table presents speclfic lllustratlon of compounds other than polyethyleneumne and 1ts denvatlves.

TABLE VIIIA.-OLEFINATION OF POLYPROPYLENEIMINE Mols of Molecular olefin per Example weight of Olefin mol of Time in Temp.,

polypropylpolyprohours C.

oueimine pyleneimine 500 Styrene .7 1:1 1 90 500 Divinylsulfone. 1:1 1 70 500 Acryl0nitrile 2:1 1 80-100 1,000 Dioctylmaleate 7 1:1 2 120 1,000 l\1ethylaorylate 1:1 1 110 1, 000 Ethyl cinnarnate .1 3:1 2 5,000 Laurylmethacrylateafl 1:1 3 5,000 Ethyl erotonate 7 1:1 3 120 5,000 Acrylonitrlle 7 4:1 1 80-100 10, 000 Styrene 1 2:1 1 90 10,000 Div'111ylsull'0ne 7 1:1 1 80 10,000 Methylecrylete .7 2:1 1 100 20, 000 Lauryln1etl1acrylate 1:1 3 110 20, 000 Styrene 2:1 1 00 20,000 Divinyl sul10ne 1:1 1 80 40,000 Methyl acrylete. 2:1 2 120 40,000 Aerylonitrilefiofl .7 3:1 1 80 40,000 Dioctylmaleate .7 1:1 4 110 CARBONYLATION mole of PE 900, the followlng type of compound could be formed: Carbonylatron relates to the reactlon of polyethylene- H H H mnne and derlvatrves thereof wlth aldehydes and ketones. 70 l I Where prlrnary ammo groups are present on the poly- C N CHZCHN 1CH2CH2N' (3 ethylenelmme reactants, schlfis bases can be formed on HO OH reaction with carbonyl compounds. For example, where an aldehyde such as salicylaldehyde is reacted with polyethyleneimine 900 in a ratio of 2 moles of aldehyde to 1 75 etc., and other isomeric configurations, such as where the Schiffs base is present on the non-terminal amino Aldehydes:

Benzaldehyde 2-methylbenzaldehyde 3-methylbenzaldehyde 4-methylbenzaldehyde 2-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-methoxybenzaldehyde a-Naphthaldehyde B-Naphthaldehyde 4-phenylbenzaldehyde Propionaldehyde n-Butyraldehyde Heptaldehyde Aldol Z-hydroxybenzaldehyde Z-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-1 1-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-2 AnthrOl-Z-aldehyde-l Z-hydroxyfluorene-aldehyde-1 4-hydroxydiphenyl-aldehyde-3 3-hydroxyphenanthrene-aldehyde-4 1-3-dihydroxy-2-4-dialdehydebenzene 2-hydroxy-5 -chlorobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3 :S-dibromobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3 -cyanobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzaldehyde 4-hydroxypyridine-aldehyde-3 4-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-3 7-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-8 Formaldehyde Glyoxal Glyceraldehyde Schiffs bases are prepared with the polyethyleneimines of this invention in a conventional manner such as described in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, by Wagner & Zook (1953, Wiley), pages 728-9.

Where more extreme conditions are employed, the products may be more complex wherein the carbonyl reactant instead of reacting intramolecularly in the case of a Schiffs base may react intermolecularly so as to act as a bridging means between two or more polyethyleneimine compounds, thus increasing the molecular weight of the polyethyleneimine as schematically shown below in the case where formaldehyde is the carbonyl compound:

In addition to increasing the molecular weight by means of aldehydes, these compounds result in the formation of cyclic compounds. Probably both molecular weight increase and cyclization occur during the reaction.

The following examples illustrate the reaction of carbonyl compounds with polyethyleneimines. The symbol employed to designate carbonylation is C, acylation, carbonylation AC, and alkylation, carbonylation KC.

Example 1-C Charge 900 grams of polyethyleneimine 900 and 900 grams of xylene into a conventional glass resin apparatus fitted with a stirrer, thermometer and side-arm trap. Raise temperature to C. and slowly add 44 grams of acetaldehyde (1 mol). Hold at this temperature for three hours. Vacuum is then applied until all Xylene is stripped 011. The reaction mass is a thick dark liquid which is soluble in water.

Example 5-C TAB LE IX.CARB ONYLATION M01 ratio Mol weight of aldehyde to Example polyeth yl- Aldehyde polyethyl- Temp., C. Time eneimine eneimine or deriv.

1:1 90 3 hours. 2:1 90 Do. 3:1 90 Do. 5:1 4 hours. 3:1 125 Do. 1:1 125 D0.

2:1 80 1 hour. 1:1 80 Do. 0. 5:1 80 D0. 6: 1 3 hours. 5:1 140 Do. 3:1 140 D0.

3:1 (1) 1 hour. 2:1 (1) D0. 0 d0 2:1 (1) Do. Glyceraldehyde. 6 :1 125 5 hours. ...(10 3:1 125 D0. 100,000 do 2:1 125 Do. 100, 000 Salicylaldehyd 3:1 120 2 hours. 100,000 d0 2:1 120 D0. 100,000 .,do 1:1 120 Do.

100, 000 Benza1dehyde. 3:1 110 1 hour 100, 000 do 2:1 110 D0.

TABLE 1X.C0utinued M 01 ratio Example Aldehyde aldehyde t Temp. C. Time polyethylene- Benzaldehyde 110 1 hour.

100 2 hours. do 100 Do. do 100 Do. Formaldehyde. (2) 1 hour.

(2) Do. (2) Do. 3:1 130 4 hours 2:1 130 D0. 3: 1 100 1 hour. 2:1 100 Do. 1:1 100 Do. 3:1 140 6 hours. 2:1 140 Do. 1:1 140 Do. 3:1 (2) 1 hour. 2:1 (2) D0. 1:1 (2) Do.

1 Start at 25 0., raise to 100 C.

2 Start at 25 C., raise to 90 C.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE IXA.CARBONYLATION Molecular Mol ratio weight of Aldehyde aldehyde to Temp., Time in polypropylpolypropyl- 0. hours eneimine eneimine 500 Benzaldehyde. 1:1 110 1 hour. 500 do 2:1 110 D0. 500 l do 3:1 110 Do. 1,000 Salicylalrlehyde... 4:1 120 Do. 1, 000 do 3:1 120 Do. 2:1 120 Do. 2:1 00 Do. 1:1 90 Do. :1 90 Do. 2:1 90 Do. 1:1 90 Do. 0. 5:1 90 Do. 3:1 100 2 hours. 2:1 100 D0. 1:1 100 Do. 4:1 130 3 hours. 3:1 130 D0. 2:1 130 Do.

M 01 ratio of aldehyde to i e i Example Aldehyde polypropyl- Temp, C. Hours 811611111119 01' derivative -A3C Glyceraldehyde 3:1 125 4 18-1130." Heptaldehyde 2:1 125 4 20-1110. Furiuraldehyde. 1: 1 100 2 27-01 Glyoxal 1:1 90 1 28-O2C Benzaldehyd 4:1 120 2 29-0 30. Formaldehyde 1:1 (1) 1 43-0 2C. Acetaldehydel 1: 1 100 2 15-11302 do,r 2:1 100 2 20-A1O2C 3:1 100 2 32-O4AC 1:1 131) 3 51O4AC 2:1 130 3 32O1I-1C 3:1 130 3 15A2Oi11C 3:1 125 2 2:1 125 2 1:1 125 2 2:1 100 1 61OzKAC 1:1 100 1 20111011910--- 0. 5:1 100 1 7-U:C, 2:1 70 1 12U3C 1:1 70 1 ff 1 Start at 0., raise to 100 C.

The examples presented above are non-limiting ex- 65 Example designation: Meaning amples. It should be clearly understood that various other A Acylated. combinations, order of reactions, reaction ratios, multi- A0 Acylated, then oxyalkylatedplicity of additions, etc., can be employed. Where addi- (3) AOA Acylated, then oxyalkylated, tional reactive groups are still present on the molecule, then acrylatedthe reaction can be repeated With either the original reac- (4) AOH Acylateg then Oxyalkylated, tant or another reactant. (5) AX 5E 2; t treaated' f 1 u The type of compound prepared 1s evldent from the let- (6) AOX Salt or g i i g 2 terls ass ned tr;1 the examples. 1 l11us,htak1ng the branched (7) AOAX Salt or quaternary of (3),

4 O p0 yarnine as t e startin, matena t e followmg example g AOHX Salt or quaternary of designations have the following meaning: (9) O Oxyalkylated.

Example designation: Meaning 0A Oxyalkylated, then acylated.

(11) OH Oxyalk-ylated, flhen heat treated.

(12) K Alkylated.

(13) KX Salt or quaternary of (12).

(14) KA Alkylated, then acylated.

(15) AK Acylated, then alkylated.

(16) AKX Salt or quaternary of (15).

(17) OK Gxyalkylated, then alkylated.

(18) OKX Salt or quaternary of (17).

(19) C Carbonylated.

(20) AC Acylated, then carbonylated.

(21) KC Alkylated, then carbonylated.

(22) CO Carbonylated, then oxyalkylated.

(23) U Olefinated.

(24) AU Acylated, then olefinated.

(25) KU Alkylated, then olefinated.

(26) KUX Salt or quaternary of (25).

In addition to polyethyleneimine itself, other polyalkyleneimines can be employed, a typical example of which is polypropyleneimines. Propyleneimine is now commercially available and can be polymerized to the polymer and polypropyleneimine can then be reacted in a manner similar to those reactions shown above. Thus, the teachings contained herein also apply to other polyalkyleneimines besides polyethyleneimine and derivatives thereof.

USE AS A CHELATING AGENT This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention as chelating agents and to the chelates thus formed.

Chelation is a term applied to designate cyclic structures arising from the combination of metallic atoms with organic or inorganic molecules or ions. Chelates are very important industrially because one of the unusual features of the chelate ring compounds is their unusual stability in which respect they resemble the aromatic rings of organic chemistry. Because of the great aflinity of chelating compounds for metals and because of the great stability of the chelates they form, they are very important industrially.

The compositions of this invention are excellent chelating agents. They are particularly suitable for forming chelates of great stability with a wide variety of metals.

Chelating metals comprise magnesium, aluminum, arsenic, antimony, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, and platinum. Particularly preferred of such metals as chelate constituents are iron, nickel, copper and cobalt.

The chelates formed from the compositions of our invention are useful as bactericidal and fungicidal agents, particularly in the case of the copper chelates. In addition the chelates can be employed to stabilize hydrocarbon oils against the deleterious effects of oxidation.

In general, these chelates are prepared by adding a suflicient amount of a metal salt to combine with a compound of this invention. They are prepared by the general method described in detail by Hunter and Marriott in the Journal of the Chemical Society (London), 1937, 2000, which relates to the formation of chelates from metal ions and salicylidene imines.

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of chelates.

Example 1-A An aqueous 0.1 mole solution of the chelating agent of Example 1-A is added to an aqueous solution of 0.02 mole cupric acetate. The solution becomes darker in blue color immediately with the formation of the copper chelate. Inability of the solution to plate out copper on a clean and polished iron strip indicates that the copper is effectively removed from solution by the formation of a chelate.

Example 1-0 An aqueous solution of 0.1 mole of the chelating agent of Example 1-0 is added to an aqueous solution containing 0.025 mole ferrous sulfate..Lack of the usual formation of a red sediment in the water subsequently due to oxidation and precipitation of iron as hydrated oxide shows the iron had been chelated while in the ferrous form by the reagent 1-0 and thus effectively removed from further reactions.

Examp e 1A O An aqueous solution of 0.1 mole of the chelating agent 1-A O is treated with an aqueous solution containing 0.01 mole nickelous acetate. The solution turns to a darker green indicating that a chelate type of material had been formed.

To avoid repetitive detail, chelates are formed from the above copper, iron and nickel salts and the compounds shown in the following table.

Chelating agents:

Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 900 Polyethyleneimine, molecular Wt. 5,000 Polyethyleneimine, molecular Wt. 11,500 Polyethyleneimine, molecular Wt. 20,000 Eolyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 50,000 Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 100,000

Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 500 Polypropyleneimine, molecular Wt. 1,000 Polypropyleneirnine, molecular wt. 5,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 10,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 20,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular Wt. 40,000

USE IN TREATING WATER INTRODUCED INTO UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS This phase of our invention relates to the use of the compositions of this invention in treating water introduced into underground formations, for example, in disposal wells and in the recovery of petroleum from subterranean formations in water flooding operations.

The technique of water flooding to recover oil from depleted oil fields is well known. In general, such process consists in introducing an aqueous medium into one or more injection wells, which penetrate a depleted oilproducing formation, and forcing said medium through the formation towards aproduction well, which likewise penetrates the formation. In the so-called five-spot drive, the aqueous medium is forced down four injection wells which are more or less symmetrically located around a producing well. As the flooding medium passes through the formation it strips or flushes the residual oil therefrom and carries it into the producing well from which it is recovered by conventional means. The flooding medium usually comprises water or oil field brine to which has been added various conditioning materials,- e.g., surface active agents or detergents which promote the desorption of the resdual oil from the formation, sequestering agents which prevent the deposition of calcium and/ or magnesium compounds in the interstices of the formation, bactericides which prevent the formation from becoming plugged by bacterial or algae growth, corrosion inhibitors which prevent corrosion of the metallic well equipment and the consequent deposition of corrosion products in the formation, etc. Thus, while the process is usually termed water flooding the flooding medium in fact constitutes a rather complex composition containing a variety of conditioning agents. It is not uncommon to include as many as 4 or 5 different agents of various types in the flooding medium. Such use of a plurality of agents, however, adds substantially to the cost of the process and in many instances it is found that such agents interfere with one another.

Many advantages are realized with the use of our compounds in a flooding process in which the flooding medium comprises an aqueous solution of the compounds of this invention. In addition to their surface active properties, these agents have anti-corrosive and strong bactericidal action and do not precipitate alkaline-earth metal salts. Furthermore, these agents display a minimum tendency to become adsorbed on solid surfaces so that when employed in aqueous flooding media, a minimum amount thereof is lost from the solution by adsorption on the matrix of the formation.

In carrying out the present process, the flooding operation is effected in the conventional manner except that the flooding medium comprises an aqueous solution of the compounds of this invention. The concentration of the latter in the flooding medium can be about 500 parts per million or greater and in many cases may be as low as 2 parts per million, depending upon the particular compound employed, the nature of the formation being subjected to flooding, and the degree of bacteria control required. In a typical five-spot flooding operation, oil field brine containing 50 parts per million of the compound is introduced at a rate of about 450 bbls. per day into each of the four input wells under a presure sufficient to force said solution into the formation and drive it therethrough towards the centrally local output Well. The operation can be continued over long periods of time without requiring any substantial increase in the pressure to force the flooding medium through the formation, thus demonstrating that no substantial plugging of the formation occurs either by precipitation of alkaline-earth metal salts or by bacterial growth.

While the flooding media employed in accordance with the present invention comprise only water or oil field brine and one or more of the herein described agents, they may also comprise additional corrosion inhibitors, tracers, supplemental bactericides, and the like. Similarly, they may be employed in conjunction with any of the operating techniques commonly applied to water flooding processes and in conjunction with other secondary recovery methods.

Other modes of applying the principle of our invention may be employed instead of those explained, change being made as regards the methods or materials employed, provided the step or steps stated by any of the following claims, or the equivalent of such stated step or steps, be employed.

In addition the compositions of this invention can also be used in water disposal wells.

This phase of the invention provides a simple and economical method for solving some of the diflicult problems heretofore encountered in disposing of unwanted water. In many oil fields large volumes of water are produced and must be disposed of where water flooding operations are not in use or where water flooding operations cannot handle the amount of produced water. Most states have laws restricting pollution of streams and/ or land with produced waters and oil producers must then find some method of disposing of the waste produced salt 35 water. In many instances therefore, the salt water is disposed of by injecting the water into permeable low-pressure strata below the fresh water level. The formation into which the water is injected is not the oil producing formation and this type of disposal is defined as salt water disposal or waste water disposal. The problems of plugging of the formation and corrosion of equipment are analogous to those encountered in the secondary recovery operation by water flooding.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention.

Example A brine solution of compound 1O A in the table listed below is employed in a 5 spot flooding operation in the ratio of 50 ppm. in the brine. Compound 1- A is added to the brine by means of a proportioning pump so that this ratio is obtained. The solution is forced into each injection well at the rate of about 350-400 lbs. per day. The injected water is taken up by the formation at such a rate that little, if any, increase of pressure is required during the week of operation during which the compound is used, thus indicating that little, if any, plugging occurs. The oil pumped from the production well is separated and the water is returned to the storage reservoir Where it is used again in a similar manner. This compound also exhibits corrosion protection. The compounds shown in the table exhibit similar results when employed in similar water flooding and in Water disposal operations. COMPOUNDS USED IN TREATING WATER INTRODUCED INTO UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS Polyethyleneimine:

Molecular weight- 900 5,000 11,500 20,000 50,000 100,000 1A7 10O II 3-A 2O K 7-A 3K X 1-O 6-0 KX 2O 2-A KA 19-0 5-U 1-A O 4-O U 1-O A 5-C 16-O A COMPOUNDS USED IN TREATING WATER INTRODUCED INTO UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS Polypropylene:

Molecular weight- 500 1,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 lS-A 62O A 16A 37O H 18A 20A O H 19A 844 20-A 9-K 2 284): 15-A2O K 29-0 8-K A 36O 16A KA 37 O 7 U 43-0 9 U 61-0 10C 15A O 15A O C 1 z 12U C 28O A 7 USE IN INCREASING PRODUCTION OF PETRO- LEUM OIL FROM SILICEOUS STRATA IN PRI- MARY OIL OPERATIONS This phase of our invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention in treating sandy or siliceous geological formations or strata penetrated by the surrounding oil well bores or cavities to render such formations preferentially wettable by oil so as to increase the proportion of oil and decrease the proportion of water produced by a given well.

Such alteration in ratio of fluid volumes produced may accomplish any one of a number of specific results which vary with local conditions. In some instances wells can be converted from unproductive wells to productive wells; i.e., strata which would not otherwise justify commercial exploitation can be operated on a sound basis. In some Cases treatment of the kind herein contemplated Will cause a productive well to yield an even greater output of crude oil, i.e., increase its productivity. Furthermore, not only does such treatment involve a change in the rate at which oil may be produced but also it may yield a greater total output of oil from a particular well, cavity or formation volume, that would be otherwise possible. In other words, such treatment not only affects current rate of production but also the entire volume of oil produced during the life of the Well.

Chemical treatment of an oil well of the kind herein described may not only accomplish one or more of the results or objects above mentioned; but also it will reduce current lifting charges due to the fact that a greater amount of water is left behind in the strata when the final depletion stage is reached. Additional objects are obvious; to wit, in many instances objectionable operating conditions, such as corrosion, emulsion formation, etc., may be decreased or eliminated, due to the lesser amount of water produced per barrel of oil.

This phase of our invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention to impart oil wettability to sandy or siliceous strata and produce the above advantages. In its broadest aspect, the present invention is concerned with the application of the described agents in any suitable or feasible manner.

It is generally recognized that sand is more readily wet by water than by oils. As a result, the encroachment of water into oil-bearing sand formations is greatly favored by the forces of capillary attraction. Such encroachment results finally in the breaking through or rising of Water into the well bore. Water is then produced along with the oil. In addition, water decreases the production of oil, since its presence in capillary channels blocks the flow of oil which would otherwise occur through these channels, This effect is particularly objectionable when it occurs at the face of the bore hole and in its immediate vicinity as the rate and volume of oil production appears to be highly dependent upon the area of oil permeable formation exposed to the open hole.

In a preferentially water-Wettable capillary system, such as is formed by ordinary sand formations, water is strongly held in its displacement by oil is opposed by the force of the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface. The treating process of the present invention changes the sand formation to one preferentially wet by oil with the result that the force of interfacial tension at the oil-water interface then favors the displacement of water by oil in the capillary system, or, conversely, opposes the displacement of oil by water.

In practicing our process, the sand formation is treated by pumping a solution of the reagent into the formation and allowing it to remain sufficiently long for adsorption on the sand grains to occur. The reagent may be put into solution as such or in the form of salt such as the chloride, phosphate, acetate, sulfate, or other salt which is sufiiciently soluble in the solvent used. Some compounds of this invention are rather insoluble in water, and, therefore, their salts are used when water is chosen as the solvent.

However, in non-aqueous or oil solvents such as alcohols, kerosene, and crude oil, they are often sufficiently soluble to be employed directly.

The reagents used in the present process are effective in very dilute solutions, such as 0.01% by weight or even less and may be employed in such dilution. In many instances, the effectiveness of a solution containing a few hundredths of a percent of a selected agent can be demonstrated readily by immersing an absolutely clean waterwettable silica plate about the size of a microscopic slide in such very dilute solution of the selected compound and agitating gently for a short period of time, for instance, a few minutes to a few hours, and then noting that the silica plate surfaces have been converted from a hydrophile state to a definitely hydrophobe state. However, we prefer to use stronger solutions in order that appreciable amounts of treating reagent may be introduced into the formation without the handling of inconveniently large volumes of solution and without added cost due to labor, shutdown time, etc. The usual concentrations of reagent employed in solution are from 1% to about 25% by weight. In celtain .instances even more concentrated solutions may be employed.

In the most desirable solutions, we prefer to use, roughly speaking, 10-20% by weight of these compounds. Such solutions also have solvent and emulsifying power for both water and oil, water or oil sheaths surrounding the sand grains of the formation being treated, thereby putting the grains into immediate contact with the treating solution. The solutions which we prefer to employ are characterized by the fact that, in addition to the treating reagent, they contain water, an oil, and an alcohol. It is a remarkable fact that mixtures of this kind can be found which, in the proper proportions, are perfectly clear and homogeneous. The stability of these solutions appears to arise partly from the presence of the actual treating reagents, which, because of their structure, probably act in a manner analogous to ordinary soaps insofar as their solubilizing power is concerned.

The alcohols which can be used in preparing our preferred treating solutions are those containing three or more carbon atoms and less than 30 carbon atoms, and may be either primary, secondary, or tertiary. Those most widely applicable are the primary and secondary aliphatic, alicyclic, mixed aliphatic-alicyclic, and aliphatic ether alcohols containing from four to 10 carbon atoms and including such alcohols as n-butanol, Z-butanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoamyl ether, a terpineol, furfuryl alcohol, oxidized pine oil, rosin oil, and the like. The choice of proper alcohol and its proportion in the mixture depends somewhat upon the treating reagent used, the amount and kind of oil employed, and the proportion of water used and is best determined by preparing experimental mixtures on a small scale. Various representative formulae will subsequently be given.

The oils which can be used in preparing our preferred treating solutions are the liquid, water-insoluble hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and preferably those which have high solvent power for crude oils. EX- amples of suitable oils are: kerosene, gasoline, benzol, carbon tetrachloride, dichlorethane, xylene, turpentine, pressure distillate, amylene dichloride, and the like. Crude oil itself may be used in some instances.

As examples of the preferred types of treating solutions to be used in the present process, the following formulae are presented wherein proportions are by weight:

Treating solution 1 and thus are effective in removing,

The sand surfaces treated by the present process show a strong affinity for non-polar materials such as oil, asphalt, bitumen, and the like. In some instances, it is advantageous to follow our treating process with a treatment with an asphalt or bitumen solution. When this is done, the sand becomes covered with a uniform adsorbed layer of the asphalt or bitumen which tends to protect the under layer of adsorbed compounds and renders the surface even more water-repellent. However, this after-treatment can often be eliminated and the same effect he obtained by incorporating asphalt or bitumen in the original treating solution. If the original treating solution consists of an oil solution, the asphalt or bitumen is simply dissolved in the oil with the treating reagent. With homogeneous solutions of the kind described in the above examples, the asphalt or bitumen is dissolved in the oil used in preparing the solution, and this is then mixed with the other ingredients. By proper choice of proportions of ingredients, clear, homogeneous mixtures are obtainable. Below is an example of a treating solution incorporating asphalt as one of the constituents:

Treating solution 2 The compounds used in our process are apparently capable of forming association complexes with long chain aliphatic alcohols, which complexes are more soluble in hydrocarbon oils than the original compounds. Solutions containing such long chain alcohols are suitable for treating sand to make it preferentially oil-wettable and in some instances appear to improve the water repellent properties of the adsorbed film. Long chain alcohols can be incorporated in an oil solution of the treating reagent or into solutions of the type previously described, in which case the final treating solution may contain two different alcohols, one of high molecular weight, and one of lower molecular weight, as illustrated by the following:

Treating solution 3 Percent Active compound 11 to 10 n-Butanol 17 to 16 Cetyl alcohol 9 to Kerosene 21 to 28 Water 42 to 41 As previously stated, the treating reagents can be employed in the form of simple aqueous or oil solutions. Such solutions lack some of the good features of our preferred solutions such as high solvent and emulsifying power for the Well fiuids, but because of their cheapness and simplicity of preparation will often be used. Examples of these solutions are as follows:

Treating solution 4 Example.-This example illustrates a procedure for carrying out the process of this phase of the present invention on a typical oil well producing from a sand formation and equipped with the usual casing and tubing. If the well is producing water, it is well to determine from what portion of the formation it is coming, as treatment may then be localized to this section with consequent savings in cost of reagent. The main source of water, if any, can often be located by pumping the well from various parts of the open hole which have been separated from the remainder by means of formation packers. After deciding from such tests which portion of the formation is to be treated, the tubing is packed so as to communicate with this section. The treating fluid, Treating Solution 1 above, wherein the active compound is Example 3 of the following table and which contains 14% of 1O 14% of n-butanol, 42% water and 30% kerosene, is then run into the tubing and finally into the formation, pump pressure being applied if necessary to displace it into the sand. in this case pump pressure is required. The amount of solution required will depend upon the amount of open formation being treated but usually will vary from about 4 to about barrels. In this case 25 barrels are employed when all of the solution has been introduced into the tubing, crude oil is then pumped in after it to act as a piston to drive the solution back into the formation. The oil is pumped in slowly so that the treating solution will be in contact with the formation particles for at least a few seconds. Adsorption from the solution occurs very rapidly, however. As more oil is introduced, the treating solution is gradually pushed farther and farther into the formation. Finally all of the solution will have entered the sand and the crude oil will begin to penetrate the treated portions, thus immediately saturating the capillaries with oil which now adheres strongly to the sand surfaces. On being pushed further into the formation, the treating solution eventually becomes spent due to adsorption of the active ingredients and dilution with the formation fluids. The amount of crude oil pumped into the formation behind the treating solution preferably is at least equal the volume of treating solution used and the use of even larger volumes is desirable, since it insures deep penetration of the treating fluid and thorough oil saturation of treated capillaries immediately surrounding the bore hole.

Following treatment, the well is kept shut in for a few hours, after which it is put back in production.

In carrying out our process, it is not necessary to take precautions against the treating solution entering the oil producing portions of the formation, as no plugging precipitates are formed. If desired, the use of a formation packer may be eliminated and the entire formation, both oil and water producing, may be treated. In some instances wells producing no water at all are treated in order to prevent water encroachment.

The following examples are presented to illustrate how the composition of this invention can impart hydrophobic properties to sand normally found in oil areas and thus act in the manner described in the above example.

Example.-Sand found in various oil drilling is contacted with various solutions prepared according to Treating Solution 1 wherein the active compound is one or more of those shown in the following table. By such treatment the sand is rendered hydrophobic as contrasted with its previous hydrophilic condition.

COMPOUNDS USED IN INCREASING PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM OIL FROM SILICEOUS STRATA IN PRI- MARY OIL OPERATIONS 

1. A PROCESS FOR INJECTING WATER INTO AN UNDERGROUND FORMATION CHARACTERIZED BY EMPLOYING AND AQUEOUS SOLUTTION OF A LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2 TO 20 CARBON ATOMS. 